Molybdenum (Mo) is a refractory metal with a high melting point and good thermal and electrical conductivity. It is often used as a substrate material in various industrial applications due to its high strength, ductility, and thermal stability. Molybdenum is commonly used as a substrate for thin film deposition in electronics, sensors, and energy storage applications. The polycrystalline nature of Mo substrates allows for uniform film growth and improved mechanical properties compared to single crystal substrates. Additionally, molybdenum is highly resistant to corrosion and has a low thermal expansion coefficient, which makes it well-suited for high temperature and high vacuum applications. However, molybdenum is a relatively expensive substrate material compared to other metals, which may limit its use in some applications.