Hematite (Fe2O3) is an iron oxide mineral commonly used as a substrate material in various applications. Its high thermal stability and hardness make it suitable for use in high temperature and high wear environments. Additionally, it has a high electrical conductivity, which makes it useful for a variety of electrical applications. Hematite substrates have been used in a wide range of fields, including electronics, energy, and materials science. They have been used as a substrate material for solid-state devices, optical components, and energy storage devices. The high melting point and excellent thermal stability of hematite also make it a suitable substrate material for high-temperature processing and sintering of other materials.