PbWO4, or Lead tungstate, is a piezoelectric crystal that is used as a substrate material in various applications such as radiation detectors, scintillation counters, and high-energy physics experiments. It has a high radiation resistance and high density, making it suitable for detecting ionizing radiation. Lead tungstate has a high light output and fast decay time, making it an efficient material for scintillation detectors. In high-energy physics experiments, PbWO4 substrates are used as target materials for experiments involving particle collisions, where they are used to detect and measure the resulting particles and photons.
Lead tungstate substrates are typically grown by the Czochralski method, and are available in various sizes and shapes, such as wafers and plates. The substrates can be cut and polished to meet the specific requirements of each application. Lead tungstate has good optical, mechanical, and thermal properties, making it suitable for use in a variety of environments. However, it should be handled carefully, as it is a toxic material.